A Functional Approach to Turkish Grammar Meaning, Usage, and Structure

İÇİNDEKİLER

SECTION A

1. AN INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH GRAMMAR

2. TYPES OF GRAMMAR: COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW

WITH FOCUS ON TURKISH

2.1. DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

2.2. PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

2.3. GENERATIVE GRAMMAR

2.4. MENTAL GRAMMAR

2.5. PEDAGOGICAL GRAMMAR

2.6. PERFORMANCE GRAMMAR

2.7. REFERENCE GRAMMAR

2.8. THEORETICAL GRAMMAR

2.9. TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR

2.10. TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR

2.11. UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR

2.12. FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

SECTION B

A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO TURKISH GRAMMAR:

MEANING, USAGE, AND STRUCTURE

Note on Titles and Organization

1. THE ALPHABET

2. SYLLABLE

3. VOWEL HARMONY

4. WHERE ARE YOU FROM?

5. THE SUBWAY IS CROWDED

6. I AM SICK TODAY

7. I AM NOT A DOCTOR

8. ARE YOU A STUDENT?

9. AREN’T YOU TIRED?

10. HOW IS THE WEATHER TODAY?

11. WHAT IS THIS? WHAT IS THAT?

12. WHAT ARE THESE? WHAT ARE THOSE?

13. THESE CARS ARE BEAUTIFUL

14. THERE IS A NICE MOVIE ON TV

15. THERE IS NOTHING THERE

16. I AM AT HOME

17. THE BABY HAS A PACIFIER

18. HE DOES NOT HAVE MONEY

19. WHO HAS MONEY?

20. WHERE IS THE DOOR?

21. HOW MANY TEACHERS ARE THERE IN THE SCHOOL?

22. HOW MANY (UNITS/PIECES OF ) PETS ARE

THERE AT HOME?

23. HOW MANY SECONDS ARE THE COMMERCIALS?

24. HOW MUCH MILK IS THERE AT HOME?

25. COME!

26. COME TO THE HOUSE!

27. LET ME SIT FOR A BIT!

28. SHALL I SIT?

29. LET’S SIT!

30. SHALL WE READ?

31. WHAT TIME IS IT?

32. GET OUT OF THE CAR!

33. BRING THE CAR!

34. WHERE IS MY PENCIL?

35. WHERE ARE MY PENCILS?

36. THE CLASSROOM’S DOOR IS OPEN

37. I AM COMING THERE

38. IT IS TEN PAST TEN

39. MY NOSE IS BLEEDING

40. I WANT TO LIVE IN ANKARA

41. I GO TO THE MOVIES ON WEEKENDS

42. YOU CAN DRINK COFFEE IN THE CLASSROOM

43. I AM ABLE TO WALK HERE

44. I HAVE A HEADACHE; I MUST GO TO THE DOCTOR

45. ISTANBUL IS BIGGER THAN ANKARA

46. WHICH IS THE BEST MOVIE OF THIS YEAR?

47. WHICH STUDENT IS HARD-WORKING?

48. WHICH STUDENT IS MORE HARD-WORKING?

49. WHICH ONE IS HARDWORKING?

50. WHICH ONE IS MORE HARDWORKING?

51. I WILL WATCH THE GAME WITH FRIENDS

52. WHERE IS THIS?

53. I GO TO ANKARA BY TRAIN

54. TELEVISION AND CINEMA ARE VERY IMPORTANT

55. I GO TO SCHOOL AFTER BREAKFAST

56. THIS NEW CELL PHONE IS GREAT!

57. I WAS SICK YESTERDAY

58. I WAS AT HOME YESTERDAY

59. I STARTED SCHOOL TODAY

60. I COULD WALK HERE

61. I LIKE MY COFFEE WITH SUGAR BUT

SHE PREFERS WITHOUT IT

62. WILL YOU JOIN US FOR A MOVIE?

63. I WALKED HOME FROM SCHOOL

64. YOU NEED TO GO TO SCHOOL TODAY

65. YOU HAVE TO SIGN THIS DOCUMENT

66. WHAT GRADE ARE YOU IN?

67. ISN’T THIS BOOK YOURS?

68. I BRUSH MY TEETH BEFORE I GO TO SLEEP

69. IT IS COLD AS ICE

70. I SPEAK TURKISH TOO

71. ACCORDING TO AHMET, THIS MOVIE IS NOT GOOD

72. WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS BOOK?

73. BOTH WRITE AND LISTEN

74. IT IS GOOD TO LIVE

75. I STARTED A COURSE TO LEARN TURKISH

76. IT IS VERY COLD THEREFORE/FOR THIS REASON

I TAKE A TAXI TO SCHOOL

77. I BOUGHT A NEW BOOKSHELF

78. MY FATHER GAVE MY BROTHER AND ME

FIFTY LIRAS EACH

79. MANY STUDENTS ARE WAITING HERE

80. WE ALL WERE HAPPY

81. ONE OF THE COMPUTERS IS BROKEN

82. MY SHOES ARE WORN OUT FROM WALKING

84. ALI HAS BEEN LIVING IN IZMIR SINCE HE WAS BORN

85. A LOT HAVE CHANGED SINCE I SAW YOU LAST

86. YOU’VE BEEN AWAY FOR THREE DAYS

87. HOW LONG HAVE YOU LEARNT TURKISH?

88. THE MOVIE HAS BEEN GOOD

89. YOU HAVE SEEN THE ACCIDENT

90. I HAD TO GO TO THE DOCTOR BECAUSE

MY HEAD HURT

91. THE CAT WAS SLEEPING ON THE BED

92. THE SPEAKER WAS ASKED QUESTIONS

93. THE TEACHER WHO WILL GIVE CLASSES

HAS NOT COME YET

94. NO ONE KNOWS THE THINGS THAT WILL

BE EXPERIENCED TOMORROW

95. I PUT THE THINGS THAT WILL BE SOLD

IN A SEPARATE ROOM

96. PUT THINGS THAT WILL BE THROWN

AWAY IN THE GARBAGE IN FRONT OF THE DOOR

97. THE FLOWERS THAT BLOOM IN SPRING

LOOK SO BEAUTIFUL

98. THOSE WHO UNDERSTAND, STEP FORWARD

99. THE COFFEE THIS MORNING WAS VERY STRONG

100. AFTER I SAW ISTANBUL, I LIKED THIS CITY MORE

101. WHILE MY MOTHER WAS SLEEPING, I WAS EATING

102. I WAS DOING HOMEWORK WHILE

YOU WERE SLEEPING

103. I WAS VERY HAPPY WHEN I WAS A CHILD

104. LET’S LEAVE BEFORE IT RAINS

105. WE WALKED DESPITE THE RAIN

106. THEY GAIN WEIGHT DESPITE NOT EATING

107. SHE TOOK A DEEP BREATH IN ORDER NOT TO CRY

108. WE ARE ABOUT TO LEAVE

109. I NEED SILENCE SO THAT I CAN STUDY

110. I USED TO RUN A LOT

111. IF YOU HEAT WATER TO 100°C, IT BOILS

112. IF THE TEACHER IS NOT IN THE CLASSROOM,

HE’S PROBABLY IN THE LIBRARY

113. IF HE IS NOT TIRED, LET HIM COME WITH US

114. IF YOU CAN’T SEE THIS WELL, YOU

SHOULD SEE A DOCTOR

115. IF YOU’RE GOING TO BUY THIS CAR, I’LL

GIVE YOU A LITTLE MORE DISCOUNT

116. IF I SAW HIM, I WOULD TELL HIM YOU

WERE LOOKING FOR HIM

117. I WISH I COULD REST A LITTLE

118. YOU WORK TOO MUCH. I WISH YOU DIDN’T

119. I WISH I HAD SPOKEN TO HIM EARLIER

120. IF I HAD STUDIED, I WOULD HAVE PASSED

121. IF YOU CALLED HIM YESTERDAY,

HE KNOWS THE NEWS NOW

122. IF YOU HAVE SEEN THAT FILM,

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

123. THE STUDENTS LAUGHED TOGETHER

FOR A LONG TIME

124. HE WALKED TO SCHOOL BY

WALKING ALL THE WAY

125. HE ENTERED SMILING

126. WHEN HE DIDN’T COME HOME AT NIGHT,

WE GOT WORRIED

127. AS SOON AS I SAW HIM, I RECOGNIZED HIM

128. I HAD MY TROUSERS IRONED BY THE TAILOR

129. THE MEAL I COOKED TURNED OUT GREAT

130. I FORGOT WHAT I WAS GOING TO SAY

131. I’M WAITING FOR THE MONEY THAT IS

GOING TO BE PAID

132. I LOST THE RECEIPT FOR THE SHOPPING I DID

133. I WAS SO HAPPY WHEN I SAW AN OLD FRIEND

134. DESPITE THE PRECAUTIONS, THE DISEASE KEPT

SPREADING

135. IT’S BEEN FIVE YEARS SINCE I LAST SAW HIM

136. HE HASN’T CALLED ME SINCE HE LEFT

FOR HIS COUNTRY

137. I LOVE FOOTBALL, BUT MY SPOUSE DOESN’T

REALLY LIKE IT

138. WE DON’T HAVE MUCH MONEY—SO LET’S

SPEND IT MORE CAREFULLY

139. HE’S NOT SWEATING AT ALL—

COULD HE HAVE A FEVER

140. HE MADE THE DECISION ABOUT SCHOOL HIMSELF

141. HE KNOWS THAT HIMSELF

142. I COULDN’T PULL MYSELF TOGETHER FOR

A LONG TIME AFTER THE ILLNESS

143. HE’S MUMBLING, TALKING TO HIMSELF

144. THE EXPERT SOLVED THE PROBLEM

145. WE USED WASHABLE PAINT ON THE WALLS

146. I DON’T WEAR MY FADED CLOTHES

147. WE LEFT THE READ NEWSPAPERS AND

MAGAZINES IN THE RECYCLING BIN

148. IT’S COLD—LET’S NOT GO OUT ANYMORE

149. I HAD NEVER SEEN ISTANBUL BEFORE

150. YOU HAD COME TO VISIT US BEFORE

151. YOU WERE GOING TO HELP ME—

I WAITED, BUT YOU DIDN’T

152. I WAS JUST GOING TO FALL ASLEEP,

THERE WAS A KNOCK ON THE DOOR

153. IF ONLY YOU HADN’T COME, YOU WOULDN’T

HAVE SEEN OR HEARD THESE

154. APPARENTLY, HE TOLD ME THESE THINGS

155. APPARENTLY, HE WORKS THREE DAYS A WEEK

156. APPARENTLY, HE’S GOING TO GIVE YOU

ALL HIS BOOKS

157. APPARENTLY, HE USED TO LISTEN TO

CLASSICAL MUSIC MORE OFTEN

158. IF ONLY WE HADN’T PLAYED FOOTBALL IN

THIS RAINY WEATHER—WE’RE SOAKED

159. APPARENTLY, WE SHOULD HAVE TAKEN

THESE VITAMINS FOR THE FLU

160. HE MUST HAVE FORGOTTEN TO

CALL / HE CAN’T HAVE BEEN HOME

161. IF ONLY WE HAD SPENT MORE TIME

TOGETHER WHILE YOU WERE HERE

162. THE CHILD SAID THAT HE HAD NO MONEY

163. MR. ORHAN SAID THAT HE HAD SLEPT

A LITTLE IN THE AFTERNOON

164. MRS. LEYLA SAID THAT THEY DIDN’T

GO TO THE CINEMA AT THE WEEKEND

165. MRS. BENGU SAID THAT SHE WAS

READING A BOOK

166. HE SAID THAT HE WOULD GO TO

ISTANBUL TOMORROW

167. MR. ERCİN SAID THAT HE WANTED TO GO

TO ISTANBUL

168. THE YOUNG PERSON SAID THAT HE

NEEDED TO READ THAT BOOK

169. THE HOST ASKED THE GUESTS WHETHER

THE FOOD WAS GOOD

170. THE TEACHER ASKED WHETHER

THEY UNDERSTOOD THE TOPIC

171. HE ASKED IF HE SHOULD OPEN THE CAN

172. I PREFER WALKING IN THE RAIN TO

SITTING AT HOME

173. IN CASE IT SNOWS, ALL ROADS HERE

MAY BE CLOSED

174. SHE FEELS VERY HAPPY WHEN

SHE GOES SHOPPING

175. HE SAID, “I WILL LOVE YOU UNTIL I DIE

176. HE DIDN’T SLEEP UNTIL HIS MOTHER CALLED

177. HE USED TO FEEL HAPPY WHENEVER

HE REMEMBERED HIS CHILDHOOD

178. I WAS SLEEPING WHEN HE CAME HOME

179. AS HE OPENED THE DOOR, SOUNDS

WERE COMING FROM INSIDE

180. HE STAYED QUIET BECAUSE HE DIDN’T

KNOW WHAT HAD HAPPENED

181. I WILL MISS THE FLIGHT BECAUSE I WON’T

ARRIVE BEFORE THE BUS TIME

182. YOU CAN’T TREAT ME HOWEVER YOU WANT

183. AS LONG AS YOU STAY HERE, YOU MUST

FOLLOW THE RULES

184. HE USUALLY STAYS AT HOME BECAUSE HE

DOESN’T KNOW THIS PLACE WELL

185. I SHOULD TAKE MY UMBRELLA BECAUSE IT’S

GOING TO RAIN

186. I’M VERY PLEASED TO HAVE MET YOU

187 HE COULDN’T UNDERSTAND ANYTHING

EVEN THOUGH HE LISTENED TO THE TEACHER

188. YOU CAN ASK ME IF YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND

189. JUST AS HE WAS ABOUT TO FINISH HIS MEAL,

THE DOOR OPENED

190. INSTEAD OF PRAYING FOR ME, HE

COMPLAINED ABOUT ME

191. INSTEAD OF READING A BOOK, LOOK

WHAT HE’S DOING

192. INSTEAD OF DOING HIS HOMEWORK,

HE’S PLAYING COMPUTER GAMES

193. INSTEAD OF TAKING THE PLANE,

HE CHOSE TO GO BY BUS

194. IT’S RAINING NONSTOP

195. HE WON’T TALK TO ME, EVEN THOUGH

I DID EVERYTHING FOR HIS GOOD

196. I THOUGHT HE WAS MY BEST FRIEND,

BUT IT TURNS OUT HE DIDN’T SEE ME THAT WAY

197. SINCE YOU DON’T FOLLOW WHAT I SAY,

I WON’T TELL YOU ANYTHING AGAIN

198. AS IF EVERYTHING WERE A DREAM

199. I TOLD HIM ALL THIS, AND

I ALSO GAVE HIM THE DOCUMENTS

200. THEY JUST THREW THAT BEAUTIFUL

CHAIR RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE STREET

201. HE STOOD WAITING IN FRONT OF

THE HOUSE FOR HOURS

202. I FELL ASLEEP IN FRONT OF THE TV

WITHOUT EVEN REALIZING IT

203. I WAS LEFT STRANDED AFTER LOSING MY TICKET

204. I ALMOST FELL WHILE COMING DOWN THE STAIRS

205. THIS LONG-STANDING TRADITION HAS ESPECIALLY

DELIGHTED CHILDREN FOR YEARS

206. ACCORDING TO THE POLICE, THE MAN

DIDN’T DIE — HE WAS KILLED

207. AGREEMENT WAS REACHED ON EVERY ISSUE

208. THE PRODUCER SAID, “WE ARE HAPPY TO HAVE

BROUGHT THE OLD FRIENDS TOGETHER”

209. THE TWO SAMPLES MUST BE COMPARED HERE

210. THE MAGAZINE IS BEING PUBLISHED FOUR

TIMES A YEAR

211. WHILE I WAS IN ISTANBUL, I ALSO VISITED

THE TOPKAPI PALACE

212. THE NEW LAW PROPOSAL WAS ANNOUNCED

BY THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

INDICES

1. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR

2. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR

IN ACCORDANCE WITH CEFR-A1

3. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR

IN ACCORDANCE WITH CEFR-A2

4. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR

IN ACCORDANCE WITH CEFR-B1

5. FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF TURKISH GRAMMAR

IN ACCORDANCE WITH CEFR-B2

6. GLOSSARY OF FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES

IN TURKISH GRAMMAR

7. MAPPING OF ENGLISH TENSES TO

TURKISH EQUIVALENTS

8. MAPPING OF ENGLISH MODALS TO

TURKISH EQUIVALENTS

9. PRAGMATIC PARTICLES IN SPOKEN TURKISH

REFERENCES