Essential Turkish Skills for English Speakers A Comparative Explanation

TANITIM YAZISI

This book aims to provide the basics of Turkish grammar and presents the essential daily usage that a Turkish learner may encounter in everyday situations. The book explains the key differences and similarities between English and Turkish, making it an invaluable resource for learners of Turkish. It can also serve as a textbook that teaches the fundamentals of Turkish grammar in a cumulative manner, ensuring that no sentence structure is used to explain other concepts before it is thoroughly explained. Each concept is introduced in a sequence that facilitates understanding the fundamental patterns of today’s Turkish.

Contents

Introduction

Lesson 1

1.1 –The Alphabet

1.2 – Phonology

1.3 – Syllabification

Exercise 1.1 – Syllabification

1.4 – Soft  g:  “ ğ ”

Exercise 1.2 –  Pronunciation of “ğ”

Lesson 2

2.1 – Vowels

2.1.a) Vowel  Classifications

2.1.b) Vowel  Harmony

                    Palatal Harmony

                    Labial Harmony

2.2 – Vowel Changes

2.2.a) Vowel  Deletion

2.2.b) Vowel  Shortening

2.2.c) Vowel  Change

2.2.d) Vowel  Addition

2.3 – The Circumflex Accent

Lesson 3

3.1 – Consonants

3.1.a) Consonant Classifications

3.1.b) Voiceless Consonants  “ p, ç, t, k ”  at the End of Words

3.2 – Consonant  Changes

3.2.a) Softening  of  Strong  Consonants

3.2.b) Hardening of  Soft Consonants

3.2.c)  Consonant  Addition

3.2.d)  Consonant  Deletion

3.3 – Buffer Consonants          

3.4 – Liaison

Lesson 4

4.1 – Root of a Verb; Imperative Form (Commands)

4.1.a) Positive Commands (+.)

Exercise 4.1 - Simple Replacement - Commands

4.1.b) Negative Commands (– .)

Exercise 4.2 - Conversion - Positive Commands to Negative Commands

4.2 – Infinitive Form

4.2.a) Formation  of  Infinitive

4.2.b) Compound Verbs

Exercise 4.3 – Conversion - Commands to Infinitives

Lesson 5

5.1 – Nouns

5.2 – Derivation of New Words; Vowel Harmony in Suffixes

Examples of Inflectional Suffixes

Exercise 5.1 – Conversion - Deriving New Words with ‘-da, -de, -ta , -te’ Suffixes

5.3 – Plurals

Exercise 5.2 – Conversion - Making Plurals of Nouns

Exercise 5.3 – Conversion - Making Plurals of Nouns

5.4 – Adjectives          

Examples of Derivational Suffixes

Exercise 5.4 – Conversion - Deriving Adjectives From Nouns

5.4.a)  Numeric Adjectives

Exercise 5.5 – Chain Replacement - Adding Plural Suffixes

5.5 – Personal Pronouns

5.5.a) Nominative and Accusative Forms of Personal Pronouns

5.5.b) Other Forms of Personal Pronouns

5.6 – Adverbs

5.6.a) Adverbs ‘Çok’ and ‘Oldukça’

5.7 – Bura, Ora - Adverbs of Place

Exercise 5.6 – Chain Replacement – Adverbs of Place

Lesson 6

6.1 – Nouns  (Accusative Form)

6.2 – Definite Object + Transitive Verb

Exercise 6.1 – Simple Replacement - Object Unchanged and Transitive Verb Replaced

Exercise 6.2 – Simple Replacement - Object Replaced and Transitive Verb Unchanged

Exercise 6.3 – Chain Replacement - Definite Object and Transitive Verb Replaced

6.3 – Requests

Exercise 6.4 - Chain Replacement  - Definite Object and Transitive Verb Replaced

6.4 – Verbs  with  A  Cognate  Object

Lesson 7

7.1 – Commands with A Subject

7.2 – Commands for More Than One Person

Exercise 7.1 – Conversion - Commands for More Than One Person

7.3 – Commands for Third Person Singular and Plural

Exercise 7.2 – Conversion - Requests

Exercise 7.3 – Chain Replacement - Commands and Requsts, Multiple Replacement

Lesson 8

8.1 – Numbers

8.1.a)  Cardinal Numbers

8.1.b)  Ordinal Numbers

Exercise 8.1 – Conversion - Cardinal Numbers to Ordinal Numbers

8.1.c)  Fractions

8.1.d)  Distributive Numbers

Exercise 8.2 - Translation to English

Lesson 9

9.1 – Addressing People

9.2 – Greetings and Farewells

9.3 – Words of Politeness

Dialogue 1

Dialogue 2

Dialogue 3

Dialogue 4

Dialogue 5

Exercise 9.1 - Dialogue

9.4 – Kissing Hand

9.5 – Pitch  Pattern of Yes / No Questions

Lesson 10

10.1 – The Verb ‘Olmak’ –  Imperative Form

10.1.a) Positive Commands with the Verb ‘Olmak’  (+.)

Exercise 10.1 – Conversion - Commands to Requests with the Verb ‘Olmak’

10.1.b) Negative Commands with the Verb ‘Olmak’  (–.)

Exercise 10.2 – Simple Replacement - Negative Commands with the Verb ‘Olmak’

10.2 – Simple Present Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’

10.2.a) Positive (Affirmative) Statements with the Verb ‘Olmak’  (+.)

Exercise 10.3 – Chain Replacement - Present Tense of  the Verb ‘Olmak’

10.2.b) Negative Statements with the Verb ‘Olmak’  ( – . )

Exercise 10.4 – Chain Replacement - Negative Statements with the Verb ‘Olmak’

Exercise 10.5 – Chain Replacement - The Verb ‘Olmak’ - Pos. and Neg. Statements

Exercise 10.6 - Translation to Turkish

10.2.c) Positive Questions with the Verb ‘Olmak’ (+ ?)

Exercise 10.7 – Chain Replacement - Positive Questions with the Verb ‘Olmak’

10.2.d) Negative Questions with the Verb ‘Olmak’ (– ?)

10.2.e) Confirmation Questions with ‘Değil mi?’

10.2.f) Erken Gelmek, Geç Kalmak

Exercise 10.8 – Chain Replacement - Questions with the Verb ‘Olmak’

Exercise 10.9 – Chain Replacement - Verb ‘To Be’ in its Various Forms

Exercise 10.10 – Translation to English

Lesson 11

11.1 – Indefinite Article ‘Bir’

Exercise 11.1 – Chain Replacement - Uses of ‘Bir’

11.2 – Demonstrative  Pronouns: Bu, Şu, O

Exercise 11.2 – Chain Replacement - Demonstrative Pronouns

Exercise 11.3 – Chain Replacement - Demonstrative Pronouns

11.3 – Demonstrative  Adjectives: Bu / Şu / O  +  Noun

Lesson 12

12.1 – Simple Past Tense

12.1.a) Positive Statements in the Simple Past Tense  (+.)

Exercise 12.1 – Chain Replacement - Positive Statements in the Past Tense           

Exercise 12.2 - Translation to Turkish

12.1.b) Negative Statements in the Simple Past Tense  (– .)

Exercise 12.3 – Chain Replacement - Negative Statements in the Past Tense

Exercise 12.4 – Conversion - Positive to Negative Statements in the Past Tense

12.1.c) Positive Questions in the Simple Past Tense  (+ ?)

Exercise 12.5 – Chain Replacement - Positive Questions in the Simple Past Tense

12.1.d) Negative Questions in the Simple Past Tense  (–?)

Exercise 12.6 – Chain Replacement - Negative Questions in the Simple Past Tense

Exercise 12.7 – Conversion - Positive to Negative Questions in the Past Tense

Exercise 12.8 – Chain Replacement – Past Tense Questions and Statements

12.2 – Simple Past Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’

12.2.a) Positive Statements in the Simple Past Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’ (+.)

12.2.b) Negative Statements in the Simple Past Tense of  the Verb ‘Olmak’ ( –.)

12.2.c) Positive Questions in the Simple Past Tense of  the Verb ‘Olmak’ (+?)

Exercise 12.9 – Positive Questions in the Simple Past Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’

12.2.d) Negative Questions in the Simple Past Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’ (–?)

Exercise 12.10 - Chain Replacement - Questions and Statements in the Simple Past Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’

Exercise 12.11 – Chain Replacement - Simple Past Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’

Reading

Lesson 13

13.1 – Shift in the Place of the Question Marker

13.2 – The Word Order

13.3 – Suffixes Added to Nouns – Noun Cases

13.3.a) Nouns Without Any Suffixes (Absolute Form) - Review

13.3.b) Nouns with  ‘-i’ Suffix (Accusative Case) - Review

13.3.c) Nouns with  ‘-e’ Suffix (Dative Case)

Exercise 13.1 – Chain Replacement - Nouns with  ‘-e’ Suffix (Dative Case)

13.3.d) Nouns with  ‘-de’ Suffix (Locative Case)

Exercise 13.2 – Chain Replacement  - Nouns with  ‘-de’ Suffix (Locative Case)

13.3.e) Difference Between Locative Case ‘-de’ and ‘de’ Meaning ‘Too’

13.3.f) Nouns with  ‘-den’ Suffix (Ablative Case)          

Exercise 13.3 – Chain Replacement - Nouns with  ‘-den’ Suffix (Ablative Case)

Dialogue

Lesson 14

14.1 – Present Continuous Tense

14.1.a) Positive Statements in the Present Continuous Tense  (+.); The Suffix -(i)yor

14.1.b) Personal Suffixes for Present Continuous Tense

Exercise 14.1 – Chain Replacement - Positive Statements in the Present Continuous Tense

14.1.c) Negative Statements in the Present Continuous Tense (– .); The Suffix ‘-m(i)yor’

Exercise 14.2 – Chain Replacement - Negative Statements in the Present Continuous Tense

14.1.d) Positive Questions in the Present Continuous Tense  (+ ?)

Exercise 14.3 – Chain Replacement - Positive Questions in the Present Continuous Tense

14.1.e) Negative Questions in the Present Continuous Tense  (– ?)

Exercise 14.4 – Make Negative Questions

Exercise 14.5 – Chain Replacement - NegativeQuestions in the Present Continuous Tense

Lesson 15

15.1 – Demonstrative Pronouns in Accusative, Dative, Locative  and  Ablative Cases

15.2 – Personal Pronouns in Accusative, Dative, Locative and Ablative Cases

Exercise 15.1 – Chain Replacement - Demonstrative and Personal Pronouns

Exercise 15.2 – Chain Replacement - Demonstrative and Personal Pronouns

15.3 – The Possessive Construction

15.3.a) Personal Pronouns in Genitive Forms and Possessive Suffixes

15.3.b) Other Forms of Possessive Suffixes

15.4 – Free  Genitive Forms

Exercise 15.3 – Constructing a Complete Table - Genitive Pronouns

Exercise 15.4 – Conversion - Possessive Constructions  to Free Genitive Forms

15.4.a) Comparison of Possessive Pronoun and the Verb ‘Olmak’

Lesson 16

16.1 – Var, Yok; Sahip Olmak  (There is, There is not; To Have)

16.1.a) ‘Var’  ‘Yok’ (There is; There is not)

Exercise 16.1 – Chain Replacement - Var (There is)

16.1.b) ‘Sahip Olmak’  (To Have)

Exercise 16.2 – Conversion - Var to Yok (There is to There isn’t)

Exercise 16.3 – Translation to Turkish

16.1.c) Indefinite Pronouns with ‘Var and ‘Yok’

16.1.d) ‘Sahip Olmak or Olmak’  (To Have or To Be)

16.2 – Simple Past Tense of the Verb ‘Sahip Olmak’

16.2.a) Positive Statements  (+.) and Positive Questions (+?) with the Verb ‘Sahip

Olmak’

16.2.b) Negative Statements  (– .) and Negative Questions (–?) with the Verb

‘SahipOlmak’

Exercise 16.4 – Constructing Negative Statements and Negative Questions

Exercise 16.5 – Response - ‘Olmak’ or ‘Var/Yok’

Exercise 16.6 – Chain Replacement - Var and Yok

 Exercise 16.7 – Translation to English

Lesson 17

17.1 – Conjunctions

17.1.a) Conjunctions ‘ile’  and ‘ve’; Postposition  ‘ile’

17.1.b) Postposition  ‘ile’

Exercise 17.1 – Sentence Completion - Uses of  ‘Ve’ and ‘İle’

17.1.c) Veya, Ya da, Yahut, Yahut da

17.1.d) Ya… ya…;  Ya… ya da…

17.1.e) Ama, Fakat, Lâkin

17.1.f) mi… mi…?

17.1.g) Hem… hem…

17.1.h) Gerek… gerek…

17.1.i) Ne… ne…

Exercise 17.2 – Sentence Completion - Use of  Conjunctions

17.2 – Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives

17.2.a)  Comparative Form of Adjectives

17.2.b) Superlative Form of Adjectives

17.3 – Days, Months and Seasons

17.4 – Hours

Lesson 18

18.1 – Question Word Questions (qw?)

18.1.a) Questions with ‘Kim, Kimi, Ne, Neyi, Hangisi, Hangisini’

18.1.b) Questions with ‘Nasıl, Ne Zaman, Nere’

Exercise 18.1 – Chain Replacement - Question Word Questions

Exercise 18.2 – Chain Replacement - Question Word Questions

18.1.c) Question Word Questions with the Verb ‘Olmak’

Exercise 18.3 – Chain Replacement - Question Word Questions

18.1.d) ‘Ne’ and ‘Hangi’ as Adjectives

18.2 - Reflexive Pronoun ‘Kendi(Si)’ (Oneself)

Exercise 18.4 – Sentence Completion - Uses of ‘Kendi’

Exercise 18.5 – Translation to English

Lesson 19

19.1 – Future Tense

19.1.a) Positive Statements in the Future Tense  (+.)

Exercise 19.1 – Chain Replacement - Positive Statements in the Future Tense

19.1.b) Negative Statements in the Future Tense  (– .)

19.1.c) Positive Questions in the Future Tense  (+ ?)

19.1.d) Negative Questions in the Future Tense  (– ?)

Exercise 19.2 – Chain Replacement - The Future Tense

19.1.e) Question Word Questions in the Future Tense  (qw?)

Exercise 19.3 – Chain Replacement - Question Word Questions in the Future Tense

Exercise 19.4 – Translation to Turkish

19.2 – The Future Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’

19.2.a) Positive Statements in the Future Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’ (+.)

19.2.b) Negative Statements in the Future Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’  (– )

19.2.c) Positive Questions in the Future Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’  (+ ?)

19.2.d) Negative Questions in the Future Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’  (– ?)

Exercise 19.5 – Building Sequences of Suffixes for the Verb ‘Telefon Etmek’

Exercise 19.6 – Building Sequences of Suffixes for the Verb ‘Evli Olmak’

19.2.e) Question Word Questions in the Future Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’  (qw?)

Exercise 19.7 – Chain Replacement - The Future Tense of the Verb ‘Olmak’

Exercise 19.8 – Chain Replacement - The Future Tense

Exercise 19.9 – Translation to English

Lesson 20

20.1 – The Simple Present  Tense (The Aorist)

20.1.a) Positive Statements in the Simple Present Tense  (+.)

Exercise 20.1 – Chain Replacement - Statements in the Simple Present Tense

20.1.b) Negative Statements in the Simple Present Tense  (– .)

Exercise 20.2 – Chain Replacement - Simple Present Tense

20.1.c) Positive Questions in the Simple Present Tense  (+?)

20.1.d) Negative Questions in the Simple Present Tense  (–?)

Reading

Exercise 20.3 – Chain Replacement - Simple Present Tense

20.1.e) Question Word Questions in the Simple Present Tense  (qw?)

Lesson 21

21.1 – Possibility: ‘-ebil/-abil’,  (Modal ‘CAN’ in English)

21.1.a) Positive Statements with the Possibility

Possibility in the Simple Present Tense (+.)

Possibility in the Present Continuous Tense (+.)

     Exercise 21.1 – Chain Replacement - Possibility in the Simple Present Tense

21.1.b) Negative Statements with the Possibility

Impossibility in the Simple Present Tense (–.)

Impossibility in the Present Continuous Tense (–.)

     Exercise 21.2 – Chain Replacement- Negative Statements with the Possibility

Impossibility with ‘-emeyebil’ (–.)

     Exercise 21.3 – Conversion - Possibility  to Impossibility with ‘-emeyebil’

     Exercise 21.4 – Translation to English

Impossibility with ‘-meyebil’ (–.)

     Exercise 21.5 – Completing the Table for the Grammatical Structure

     Exercise 21.6 – Conversion - Possibility  to Impossibility  with ‘-meyebil’

     Exercise 21.7 – Chain Replacement - Possibility and Impossibility

21.1.c)  Positive Questions with the Possibility

Positive Possibility Questions in the Simple Present Tense (+?)

     Exercise 21.8 – Chain Replacement - Possibility Questions

Positive Possibility Questions in the Present Continuous Tense (+?)

     Exercise 21.9 – Explaining the Grammatical Structure

Possibility in the Future Tense (+.)

21.1.d)  Negative  Questions with the Possibility

Exercise 21.10 – Explaining the Grammatical Structure

Exercise 21.11 – Explaining the Grammatical Structure

Exercise 21.12 – Translation to Turkish

Exercise 21.13 – Translation to English

Lesson 22

22.1 – Reported Past ‘…-miş’

22.1.a) Positive Statements in the Reported Past  (+.)

Exercise 22.1 – Chain Replacement - Positive Statements in the Reported Past

22.1.b) Negative Statements in the Reported Past  (–.)

Exercise 22.2 – Chain Replacement - Negative Statements in the Reported Past

22.1.c) Positive Questions in the Reported Past  (+?)

Reading 1

Exercise 22.3 – Chain Replacement - Positive Questions in the Reported Past

22.1.d) Negative Questions in the Reported Past  (–?)

Exercise 22.4 – Chain Replacement - Negative Questions in the Reported Past

22.1.e) Possibility in the Reported Past

22.1.f) Future Tense in the Reported Statements

22.1.g) Future Possibility in the Reported Statements

22.1.h) Reported Past plus Simple Past Tense: Past Perfect

22.1.i) Reported Form of ‘To Be’: -imiş, / -(y)miş

22.1.j) Negative Sentences and Questions in the Reported Form of ‘To Be’

Exercise 22.5 – Translation to English

Reading 2

Lesson 23

23.1 – Çok,  Çoğu, Birçok,  Birkaç,  Hiç  (Very,Many of,A lot of, Some,None at all)

Exercise 23.1 – Translation to English

23.2 – ‘Bazı’, ‘Biraz’, ‘Her’, ‘Hepsi’: (Some, A Little, Every, All of it/them)

23.3 – ‘Bütün’ and ‘Tüm’ (All)

23.4 – ‘Çünkü’ and  ‘Onun için’ (Because and So, Therefore)

23.5 – ‘-den beri’ (Since)

23.6 – (y)e kadar (up to, until)

Exercise 23.2 – Fill in the blanks

Lesson 24

24.1 – The Passive Voice 

24.1.a) Formation of the Passive Voice

Exercise 24.1 – Chain Replacement  - Positive Sentences in the Passive Voice

Exercise 24.2 – Conversion  - Active to Passive 

24.1.b) The Agent

24.1.c) Impersonal Sense

Exercise 24.3 – Chain Replacement - The Passive Voice

24.1.d) Using a Passive Verb as an Adjective

Exercise 24.4 – Conversion - Active to Passive

Exercise 24.5 – Chain Replacement - The Passive Voice

Lesson 25

25.1 – The Conditional: ‘-se’

25.1.a) Positive Conditional Clauses

I) Present Real

      Exercise 25.1 – Conversion - Combining Two Sentences into a Single If Sentence

      Exercise 25.2 – Conversion - Combining Two Sentences into a Single If Sentence

II) Past Real (Simple Past)

Exercise 25.3 – Conversion - Combining Two Sentences in the Past into a

    Single If  Sentence

III) Present Hypothetical

       Exercise 25.4 – Simple Replacement - Present Hypothetical If  Sentences

       Exercise 25.5 – Conversion - Present Real to Present Hypothetical If Sentences

       Exercise 25.6 – Translation to Turkish

       Exercise 25.7 – Conversion - Present Real to Present Hypothetical If Sentences

IV) Past Hypothetical

       Exercise 25.8 – Chain Replacement - Past Hypothetical If  Sentences

       Exercise 25.9 – Conversion - Present to Past Hypothetical If  Sentences

       Exercise 25.10 – Double Conversion - Past Hypothetical to Present

       Hypothetical and Present Real

25.1.b) Negative Conditional Clauses

Exercise 25.11 – Conversion - Positive If  Sentences to Negative and vice versa

25.2 – The Conditional of the Verb ‘Olmak’: ‘ise / -(y)se’

Exercise 25.12 – Double Conversion - Present Real to Present Hypothetical and

Past Hypothetical

25.3 – Neredeyse,  Nasılsa,  Neyse

Lesson 26

26.1 – Verbs

26.1.a) Simple Verbs

26.1.b) Derived Verbs

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-le’

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-el’

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-er’

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-e’

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-se’

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-imse’

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-ik’

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-de’

Verbs derived with the suffix ‘-kir’

26.1.c) Compound Verbs

Compound verbs formed with the auxiallary verbs ‘etmek’ and ‘olmak’

Compound verbs formed by combining two verbs

Exercise 26.1 – Make Sentences – Compound Verbs

26.2 – Transitivized Verbs

26.2.a) Transitivized Verbs with the suffix ‘-ir’

26.2.b) Transitivized Verbs with the suffix ‘-it’

26.2.c) Transitivized Verbs with the suffix ‘-dir’

26.2.d) Irregular Transitivized Verbs

Exercise 26.2 – Telling the Correct Form - Transitive or Intransitive

26.3 - Causative Verbs

26.3.a) The causative  suffix is  ‘-t’  for the monosyllabic  verb roots  transitivized 

 with ‘-ır, -ir, -ur, -ür’

26.3.b) The causative suffix is ‘-dır, -dir, -dur, -dür’ for the verbs transitivized with ‘-it’

26.3.c) The causative suffix is ‘-t’ for the verbs transitivized with ‘-dir’

26.3.d) For the verb roots having more than one syllable and ending in a vowel or

in one of the consonants ‘-r’ or ‘-l’ , the transitive suffix is ‘-t’ and addition

of the suffix ‘-tir’ makes it causative

Exercise 26.3 – Choice of the Correct Form – Intransitive, Transitive, Causative

26.4 – Participles

Lesson 27

27.1 – Noun Clauses

27.1.a) Verbal Nouns Derived with the Suffix ‘-mek’

Exercise 27.1 – Make Sentences - Possessive Construction with Infinitive

Exercise 27.2 – Chain Replacement - Infinitives

27.1.b) Verbal Nouns Derived with the Suffix ‘-me’

Exercise 27.3 – Chain Replacement Drill - Verbal Nouns with ‘me’

27.1.c) Verbal Nouns Derived with the Suffix ‘-(y)iş’

Exercise 27.4 – Sentence Completion - ‘-(y)iş’ Form of Verbal Nouns

Lesson 28

28.1 – Adjectival Clauses

28.1.a) Participle ‘-(y)en’ - Present and Past Tense

Exercise 28.1 – Chain Replacement - Participle ‘-(y)en’

28.1.b) Participle ‘-miş’ - Past Tense

Exercise 28.2 – Chain Replacement - Participle ‘-miş’

28.1.c) Participle ‘-dik’ (+ possessive) - Past Tense, Aorist and Continuous Tense

Exercise 28.3 – Chain Replacement  - Participle  ‘-diği’

28.1.d) Participle ‘-(y)ecek’ - Future Tense

Exercise 28.4 – Chain Replacement  - Participle‘-(y)ecek’

28.1.e) Participle ‘-er’

28.1.f) Participle ‘-mez’

Exercise 28.5 – Chain Replacement  - -Participles ‘-er and –mez’

28.1.g) Participle ‘-esi’ - Subjunctive in Passive Voice

28.2 – Some Expressions

28.2.a)  …-ir … -mez

28.2.b)  … -me(z)den önce

28.2.c) Adjective + ‘-den’

Lesson 29

29.1 – Adverbial Clauses

29.1.a) Adverbs of Time (Response to the Question of When)

29.1.a.1) ‘-diği zaman’  (when)

   Exercise 29.1 - Conversion - ‘-diği zaman’ Suffix

29.1.a.2) ‘-(y)ince’  (when)

Exercise 29.2 - Conversion - ‘-(y)ince’ Suffix

29.1.a.3) ‘-diğinde’  (when/while)

Exercise 29.3 - Conversion - ‘-diğinde’ Suffix

29.1.a.4) ‘-ken’  (while … -ing/when)

Exercise 29.4 - Chain Replacement - Adverbs of Time

29.1.b) Adverbs of Manner (Response to the Question of How)

29.1.b.1) ‘-(y)erek’  (-ing, by … -ing)

29.1.b.2) ‘-(y)e … -(y)e’   (-ing)

29.1.b.3) ‘-meden’ and ‘-meksizin’  (without …-ing)

29.1.b.4) ‘-(y)eli, -(y)eli beri, -(y)eliden beri’  (since)

29.1.b.5) ‘-(y)ip’

29.1.b.6) ‘-mektense’  (rather than)

29.1.b.7) ‘-dikçe’  (as, the more, whenever) ; ‘-medikçe’ (unless)

Exercise 29.5 – Sentence Completion - Adverbial Clauses

Lesson 30

30.1 – Punctuation

30.1.a) Nokta (Period) “.”

30.1.b) Virgül (Comma) “,”

30.1.c) Noktalı Virgül (Semicolon) “;”

30.1.d) İki Nokta Üst Üste (Colon) “:”

30.1.e) Üç Nokta Yan Yana (Ellipsis) “…”

30.1.f) Kesme İşareti / Üstten Virgül (Apostrophe) “ ’ ”

30.1.g) Tırnak İşareti (Quotation Marks) “ “ ” “

30.1.h) Parantez veya Ayraç İşareti (Parantheses) “( )”

30.1.i) Soru İşareti (Question Mark) “?”

30.1.j) Ünlem İşareti (Exclamation Mark) “!”

30.1.k) Kısa Çizgi (Hyphen) “ - ”

30.1.l) Uzun Çizgi (Dash) “ – ”

30.1.m) Eğik Çizgi (Slash) “ / ”

30.1.n) Şapka (Circumflex) “ ^ ”

30.2 – Common Mistakes

Appendix A

Appendix B

Answers to Exercises

Glossary

Bibliography

Index